HP 16501A LOGIC Manuale Utente

User’s GuidePublication number 16500-97022August 1997For Safety information, Warranties, and Regulatory information, see the pages behind the Index©

Messages 5–12“Default Calibration Factors Loaded” (HP 16540, 16541, and 16542) 5–12“. . . Inverse Assembler Not Found” 5–12“Measurement Initializati

No Setup/Hold field on format screenThe HP 16540 and 16541 (A and D models), or HP 16542A logic analyzercards are not calibrated. Refer to your logic

No trace list displayIf there is no trace list display, it may be that your analysis specification is notcorrect for the data you want to capture, or

Preprocessor ProblemsThis section lists problems that you might encounter when using apreprocessor. If the solutions suggested here do not correct the

Slow clockIf you have the preprocessor interface hooked up and running and observe aslow clock or no activity from the interface board, the +5 V suppl

Try doing a full reset of the target system before beginning themeasurement.Some preprocessor designs require a full reset to ensure correctconfigurat

Inverse Assembler ProblemsThis section lists problems that you might encounter while using theinverse assembler.When you obtain incorrect inverse asse

Check the activity indicators for status lines locked in a high or lowstate.Verify that the STAT, DATA, and ADDR format labels have not beenmodified f

Intermodule Measurement ProblemsSome problems occur only when you are trying to make ameasurement involving multiple modules.An event wasn’t captured

MessagesThis section lists some of the messages that the analyzer displayswhen it encounters a problem.“Default Calibration Factors Loaded” (HP 16540,

“Measurement Initialization Error”This error occurs when you have installed the cables incorrectly for one ortwo HP 16550A logic analysis cards. The f

1Triggering

“No Configuration File Loaded”This is usually caused by trying to load a configuration file for one type ofmodule or the system into a different type

“State Clock Violates Overdrive Specification”At least one 16-channel pod in the state analysis measurement stored adifferent number of states before

“Waiting for Trigger”If a trigger pattern is specified, this message indicates that the specifiedtrigger pattern has not occurred. Verify that the tri

6Application Notes

Application NotesHewlett-Packard has prepared several application notes and productnotes that show you how to get more out of your HP 16500C LogicAnal

Note Number HP Part Number Title DescriptionApplication Note 1225-3 5091-5447EDigital Video Testing with theHP 16542AUses the deep memory of theHP 165

6–4

Glossaryacquisition Denotes one completecycle of data gathering by a module.For example, in the HP 16532 oscillo-scope, one complete cycle gathers8000

in the Delay field, and is set by usingthe knob or the keypad.deskewing To cancel or nullify theeffects of differences between twodifferent internal d

ment to make interactive measure-ments, either with other modules inthe mainframe or with external mod-ules.labels Labels are the names ofpods/bits th

TriggeringAs you begin to understand a problem in your system, you may realizethat certain conditions must occur before the problem occurs. Youcan use

can be set from 1:1 to 1000:1 in incre-ments of 1.range terms In the analyzer, therange terms represent ranges of val-ues to be found on labeled sets

You should adjust measurement mod-ules to eliminate as much skew aspossible so that it does not affect theaccuracy of your measurements.source field I

trigger Trigger is a referenceevent around which you want togather information. In the analyzer,you might want to trigger on a glitchin hardware or en

-002, etc), and states captured afterthe trigger are numbered with posi-tive numbers (001, 002, etc).vertical position See offset field.V/div See vert

Glossary–8

IndexAActivation record, 1–6Address bus, 4–10Address ranges, 1–3Analyzerconcepts, 4–2Analyzer problems, 5–3capacitive loading, 5–4intermittent data er

NNFS node, 3–13No state, 1–3, 4–5Non-reference channel, 2–26Not, 4–5OOnscreen keypad, 2–6Output Disk menu, 3–8Output Format field, 3–8PPair boundaries

VVerifyingchip select line is strobed, 1–15correct execution, 1–3correct storage, 1–12efficiency, 1–3Viewingtrace lists and waveforms together, 2–25WW

Index–4

© Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1987,1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997All Rights Reserved.Reproduction, adaptation, ortranslation without priorwritten

To store and time the execution of a subroutineMost systems software of any kind is composed of a hierarchy of functionsand procedures. During integra

Product WarrantyThis Hewlett-Packardproduct has a warrantyagainst defects in materialand workmanship for a periodof one year from date ofshipment. Du

Example Suppose you want to trigger on entry to a routine called MY_SUB. You candefine the address of MY_SUB in the Format menu, allowing you to refer

To trigger on the nth iteration of a loopTraditional debugging requires print statements around the area of interest.This is not possible in most embe

To trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursivefunction1 Select the state analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define the terms CALL_ADD, F_START, and F_END to

Triggering on the 22nd Call of a Recursive FunctionTriggeringTo trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursive function1–7

To trigger on entry to a function This sequence triggers on entry to a function only when it is called by oneparticular function.1Select the state ana

Triggering on Entry to a FunctionTriggeringTo trigger on entry to a function 1–9

HP 16500C—At a GlanceA system of measurement modulesThe HP 16500C is the mainframe of theHewlett-Packard Logic AnalysisSystem. It offers a modular str

To capture a write of known bad data to a particularvariableThe trigger specification ANDs the bad data on the data bus, writetransaction on the statu

To trigger on a loop that occasionally runs too longThis example assumes the loop normally executes in 14 µs.1Select the state analyzer Trigger menu.2

To verify that all stacks and registers are restoredcorrectly before exiting a subroutineThe exit code for a function will often contain instructions

To trigger after all status bus lines finish transitioningIn some applications, you will want to trigger a measurement when aparticular pattern has be

To find the nth assertion of a chip select line1 Select the timing analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define the glitch/edge1 term to represent the asserting tra

To verify that the chip select line of a memory chip isstrobed after the address is stable1 Select the timing analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define a term ca

To trigger when expected data does not appear on thedata bus from a remote device when requested1 Select the timing analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define a t

Triggering When I/O Data Not ReturnedTriggeringTo trigger when expected data does not appear on the data bus from a remote device when requested1–17

To test minimum and maximum pulse limits1 Select the timing analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define the Edge1 term to represent the positive-going transition,

Triggering when a Pulse Exceeds Minimum or Maximum LimitsTriggeringTo test minimum and maximum pulse limits1–19

HP 16500CHP 16501Aiii

To detect a handshake violation1 Select the timing analyzer Trigger menu.2 Define the Edge1 term to represent either transition on the firsthandshake

To detect bus contentionIn this sequencer setup, the trigger occurs only if both devices assert theirbus transfer acknowledge lines at the same time.1

Cross-Arming Trigger ExamplesThe following examples use cross arming to coordinate measurementsbetween two instruments. The cross-arming is set up in

To examine software execution when a timingviolation occursThe timing analyzer triggers when the timing violation occurs, and when ittriggers, it also

To look at control and status signals during executionof a routineThe state analyzer will trigger on the start of the routine whose control andstatus

2Intermodule Measurements

Intermodule MeasurementsAn intermodule measurement is a measurement that is coordinatedbetween two or more modules to capture different types ofinform

Intermodule Bus Block Functional DiagramIntermodule Measurements2–3

Intermodule Measurement ExamplesTo set up an intermodule measurement, you must use theIntermodule menu. All modules that will participate in theinterm

Oscilloscope Arms State Analyzer in Group RunThe analyzer in slotB is armed whenthe oscilloscope inslot D finds itstrigger condition.Intermodule Measu

iv

To start a group run of modules from an externaltrigger source1 Connect the arm signal from the external instrument or system to thePORT IN BNC connec

State Analyzer and Oscilloscope armed from PORT INBoth the analyzer inslot B and theoscilloscope in slot Dare armed when thePORT IN signalarrives.Inte

To start an external instrument on command from amodule within the HP 16500 and 16501 mainframe You can set up a module in a group run so that it send

Driving the Port Out BNC in an Intermodule MeasurementThe analyzer inslot B drives portout after findingits trigger.Intermodule MeasurementsTo start a

To see the status of a module within an intermodulemeasurement1 Select the Intermodule menu.2 Find the name of the module under the “Modules” list, an

Module StatusBoth modules arerunning becauseneither has foundits respectivetrigger condition.Intermodule MeasurementsTo see the status of a module wit

To see time correlation of each module within anintermodule measurementTime correlation in the intermodule menu can help you see when the triggeroccur

Module Time CorrelationThis portion of the barindicates the relativetime range of dataacquired by thismodule.T indicates the timeat which the triggerw

To use a timing analyzer to detect a glitchThe following setup uses a state analyzer to capture state flow occurring atthe time of the glitch. This c

To capture the waveform of a glitchThe following setup uses the triggering capability of the timing analyzer andthe acquisition capability of the osci

In This BookThis User’s Guide shows you how to usethe HP 16500C Logic Analysis System inyour everyday debugging work.Chapter 1, “Triggering,” shows yo

To capture state flow showing how your target systemprocesses an interruptUse an oscilloscope with a sample rate faster than the microprocessor clockr

To test a circuit using stimulus-response1 Select the Intermodule menu.2 Select the pattern generator from the Modules list and set it to GroupRun. Se

To use a state analyzer to trigger timing analysis of acount-down on a set of data lines1 Select the Intermodule menu.2 Select the state analyzer from

To monitor the activity of two coprocessors in a targetsystemDebugging coprocessor systems can be a complex task. Replicated systemsand contention for

7 Select Group Run from the upper right corner of the display.After the measurement is complete, you can interleave the trace lists of bothstate analy

Special displaysInterleaved Trace ListsInterleaved trace lists allow you to view data captured by two or moreanalyzers in a single trace list. When yo

To interleave trace lists1 Set up the analyzers whose data you wish to interleave as part of agroup run.You won’t need to do this if the two measureme

Interleaved Trace Lists on the HP 16550ASee Also “To set up a group run of modules within the HP 16500C” in this chapter. Labels for theinterleaved st

To view trace lists and waveforms together on thesame display1 Set up the modules whose data you wish to view as part of a grouprun.You won’t need to

You can use the Mixed Display feature in the state analyzer menus to show bothwaveforms and trace lists in the same display, making it easier to corre

about specific application problems and how to solve them using an HP logicanalyzer.See Also For general information on setup and operation of the HP

Skew AdjustmentYou can modify the skew or timing deviation between modules withinthe intermodule measurement. This allows you to compensate for anykno

To adjust for minimum skew between two modulesinvolved in an intermodule measurement1 Connect an input signal from each module to the same signal.An i

8 Record the differences shown by the two modules.You can use the X and O markers to measure the differences in delays.9 Select the Intermodule Menu.1

3File Management

File ManagementA host computer such as a PC or UNIX workstation can enhance theHP 16500C in many ways. You can use the host to store configurationfile

Transferring Files Using the Flexible Disk DriveBecause the flexible disk drive on the HP 16500C will read and writedouble-sided, double density or hi

To save a measurement configurationYou can save measurement configurations on a 3.5-inch disk or on theinternal hard disk for later use. This is espec

Saving the Oscilloscope Configuration for Skew TestingIf you want to save your file in a directory other than the root, you can selectChange Directory

To load a measurement configurationYou can quickly load a previously saved measurement configuration, savingthe trouble of manually setting up the mea

Loading Configuration for all HP 16500C Modules and the SystemFile ManagementTo load a measurement configuration3–7

Contents1 TriggeringTo store and time the execution of a subroutine 1–3To trigger on the nth iteration of a loop 1–5To trigger on the nth recursive

To save a trace list in ASCII formatSome HP 16500C displays, such as file lists and trace lists, contain columns ofASCII data that you may want to mov

Part of a Trace Listing Saved as an ASCII File 68332EVS - State Listing

To save a menu or measurement as a graphic imageYou can save menus and measurements to disk in one of four differentgraphics formats.1Insert a DOS-for

An Oscilloscope Display Saved as a TIF ImageFile ManagementTo save a menu or measurement as a graphic image3–11

To load system software1 Insert the first disk containing the system software.2 Select System from the module field.3 Select Hard Disk from the menu f

Using the LAN InterfaceThe LAN Interface of the HP 16500C extends the Logic AnalysisSystem by making it look like a NFS (Network File System) node.Usi

To set up the HP 16500CYou can set up the HP 16500C from the front panel, or via the LAN. To set upthe system via the LAN, you can use one of three me

Example You want to load a configuration file called “486_bus” from the hard disk ofthe HP 16500C into an HP 16550A state/timing module. The HP 16550A

To transfer data files from the HP 16500C system toyour computerYou can transfer data from the HP 16500C system to your PC or workstationby copying fi

Example You have an HP 16550A state/timing analyzer installed in slot C of yourHP 16500C mainframe. The name of analyzer 1 of the HP 16550A is68000_BU

To capture state flow showing how your target system processes an interrupt 2–16To test a circuit using stimulus-response 2–17To use a state analyze

To transfer graphics files from the HP 16500C systemto your computerThe current display of the HP 16500C is available in four different formats.1 Set

4Concepts

ConceptsUnderstanding how the analyzer does its job will help you use it moreeffectively and minimize measurement problems. This chapterexplains the g

The Trigger SequencerLogic state and timing analyzer modules for the HP 16500C havetriggering and data storage features that allow you to capture only

State Analyzer Sequencer with Four StatesEach state, except for the last, has two branch conditions. These arethe sequence-advance and sequence-else s

Sequence-Else SpecificationThe sequence-else branch, sometimes called the “else if” branch orsecondary branch, may branch to any other state, includin

you want to capture activity after the trigger is captured, define anadditional sequence level and specify the desired storage qualificationfor post-t

Where <TERM> can be a single value on a set of labels, any valuewithin a range of values on a set of labels, or a glitch or edge transitionon a

Table 4-1 HP 16550A Resource DivisionGroup Pair Resource Operation Resource Pair Links Group LinkGroup1Pair 1 Off, On, Negate a Combineresourceswithin

The following figure shows the possible combinations of the a, b, c andRange1 terms:Combining a, b, c, and Range1 TermsThe following combination is no

4 ConceptsThe Trigger Sequencer 4–3The Inverse Assembler 4–10Configuration Translation for Analyzer Modules 4–135 If You Have a ProblemAnalyzer Pro

The Inverse AssemblerWhen the analyzer captures a trace, it captures binary information.The analyzer can then present this information in binary, octa

Inverse Assembly SynchronizationIf you roll the trace list to a new position and press Invasm again, theinverse assembler repeats the above process. H

SymbolsWhen you specify symbols as the format for displaying the address bus in thetrace list, the symbol lookup happens independently of inverse asse

Configuration Translation for Analyzer ModulesConfiguration files provide an easy way for you to save and restoremeasurement setups, simplifying repea

remove pod assignments. Which pods are removed from theconfiguration will depend on the widths of each pod in the originalanalyzer and new analyzer.Th

When you move a configuration file from one analyzer to another, the trace datafrom previous measurements is not moved. If you need to store trace dat

4–16

5If You Have a Problem

If You Have a ProblemOccasionally, a measurement may not give the expected results. If youencounter difficulties while making measurements, use this c

Analyzer ProblemsThis section lists general problems that you might encounter whileusing the analyzer.Intermittent data errorsThis problem is usually